Wood and garden — Text and Context

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NOTES AND THOUGHTS, PRACTICAL AND CRITICAL, OF A WORKING AMATEUR

_With 71 Illustrations from Photographs by the Author_

Longmans, Green, and Co. 39 Paternoster Row, London New York and Bombay

_All rights reserved_

Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. At the Ballantyne Press

From its simple nature, this book seems scarcely to need any prefatory remarks, with the exception only of certain acknowledgments.

A portion of the contents (about one-third) appeared during the years 1896 and 1897 in the pages of the _Guardian_, as "Notes from Garden and Woodland." I am indebted to the courtesy of the editor and proprietors of that journal for permission to republish these notes.

The greater part of the photographs from which the illustrations have been prepared were done on my own ground--a space of some fifteen acres. Some of them, owing to my want of technical ability as a photographer, were very weak, and have only been rendered available by the skill of the reproducer, for whose careful work my thanks are due.

A small number of the photographs were done for reproduction in wood-engraving for Mr. Robinson's _Garden_, _Gardening Illustrated_, and _English Flower Garden_. I have his kind permission to use the original plates.

Beauty of woodland in winter -- The nut-walk -- Thinning the overgrowth -- A nut nursery -- _Iris stylosa_ -- Its culture -- Its home in Algeria -- Discovery of the white variety -- Flowers and branches for indoor decoration.

Distant promise of summer -- Ivy-berries -- Coloured leaves -- _Berberis Aquifolium_ -- Its many merits -- Thinning and pruning shrubs -- Lilacs -- Removing Suckers -- Training _Clematis flammula_ -- Forms of trees -- Juniper, a neglected native evergreen -- Effect of snow -- Power of recovery -- Beauty of colour -- Moss-grown stems.

Flowering bulbs -- Dog-tooth Violet -- Rock-garden -- Variety of Rhododendron foliage -- A beautiful old kind -- Suckers on grafted plants -- Plants for filling up the beds -- Heaths -- Andromedas -- Lady Fern -- _Lilium auratum_ -- Pruning Roses -- Training and tying climbing plants -- Climbing and free-growing Roses -- The Vine the best wall-covering -- Other climbers -- Wild Clematis -- Wild Rose.

Woodland spring flowers -- Daffodils in the copse -- Grape Hyacinths and other spring bulbs -- How best to plant them -- Flowering shrubs -- Rock-plants -- Sweet scents of April -- Snowy Mespilus, Marsh Marigolds, and other spring flowers -- Primrose garden -- Pollen of Scotch Fir -- Opening seed-pods of Fir and Gorse -- Auriculas -- Tulips -- Small shrubs for rock-garden -- Daffodils as cut flowers -- Lent Hellebores -- Primroses -- Leaves of wild Arum.

Cowslips -- Morells -- Woodruff -- Felling oak timber -- Trillium and other wood-plants -- Lily of the Valley naturalised -- Rock-wall flowers -- Two good wall-shrubs -- Queen wasps -- Rhododendrons -- Arrangement for colour -- Separate colour-groups -- Difficulty of choosing -- Hardy Azaleas -- Grouping flowers that bloom together -- Guelder-rose as climber -- The garden-wall door -- The Pæony garden -- Moutans -- Pæony varieties -- Species desirable for garden.

The gladness of June -- The time of Roses -- Garden Roses -- Reine Blanche -- The old white Rose -- Old garden Roses as standards -- Climbing and rambling Roses -- Scotch Briars -- Hybrid Perpetuals a difficulty -- Tea Roses -- Pruning -- Sweet Peas autumn sown -- Elder-trees -- Virginian Cowslip -- Dividing spring-blooming plants -- Two best Mulleins -- White French Willow -- Bracken.

Scarcity of flowers -- Delphiniums -- Yuccas -- Cottager's way of protecting tender plants -- Alströmerias -- Carnations -- Gypsophila -- _Lilium giganteum_ -- Cutting fern-pegs.

Leycesteria -- Early recollections -- Bank of choice shrubs -- Bank of Briar Roses -- Hollyhocks -- Lavender -- Lilies -- Bracken and Heaths -- The Fern-walk -- Late-blooming rock-plants -- Autumn flowers -- Tea Roses -- Fruit of _Rosa rugosa_ -- Fungi -- Chantarelle.

Sowing Sweet Peas -- Autumn-sown annuals -- Dahlias -- Worthless kinds -- Staking -- Planting the rock-garden -- Growing small plants in a wall -- The old wall -- Dry-walling -- How built -- How planted -- Hyssop -- A destructive storm -- Berries of Water-elder -- Beginning ground-work.

Michaelmas Daisies -- Arranging and staking -- Spindle-tree -- Autumn colour of Azaleas -- Quinces -- Medlars -- Advantage of early planting of shrubs -- Careful planting -- Pot-bound roots -- Cypress hedge -- Planting in difficult places -- Hardy flower border -- Lifting Dahlias -- Dividing hardy plants -- Dividing tools -- Plants difficult to divide -- Periwinkles -- Sternbergia -- Czar Violets -- Deep cultivation for _Lilium giganteum_.

Giant Christmas Rose -- Hardy Chrysanthemums -- Sheltering tender shrubs -- Turfing by inoculation -- Transplanting large trees -- Sir Henry Steuart's experience early in the century -- Collecting fallen leaves -- Preparing grubbing tools -- Butcher's Broom -- Alexandrian Laurel -- Hollies and Birches -- A lesson in planting.

The woodman at work -- Tree-cutting in frosty weather -- Preparing sticks and stakes -- Winter Jasmine -- Ferns in the wood-walk -- Winter colour of evergreen shrubs -- Copse-cutting -- Hoop-making -- Tools used -- Sizes of hoops -- Men camping out -- Thatching with hoop-chips -- The old thatcher's bill.

LARGE AND SMALL GARDENS 171-187

A well done villa-garden -- A small town-garden -- Two delightful gardens of small size -- Twenty acres within the walls -- A large country house and its garden -- Terrace -- Lawn -- Parterre -- Free garden -- Kitchen garden -- Buildings -- Ornamental orchard -- Instructive mixed gardens -- Mr. Wilson's at Wisley -- A window garden.

BEGINNING AND LEARNING 188-199

The ignorant questioner -- Beginning at the end -- An example -- Personal experience -- Absence of outer help -- Johns' "Flowers of the Field" -- Collecting plants -- Nurseries near London -- Wheel-spokes as labels -- Garden friends -- Mr. Robinson's "English Flower-Garden" -- Mr. Nicholson's "Dictionary of Gardening" -- One main idea desirable -- Pictorial treatment -- Training in fine art -- Adapting from Nature -- Study of colour -- Ignorant use of the word "artistic."

THE FLOWER-BORDER AND PERGOLA 200-215

The flower-border -- The wall and its occupants -- _Choisya ternata_ -- Nandina -- Canon Ellacombe's garden -- Treatment of colour-masses -- Arrangement of plants in the border -- Dahlias and Cannas -- Covering bare places -- The Pergola -- How made -- Suitable climbers -- Arbours of trained Planes -- Garden houses.

THE PRIMROSE GARDEN 216-220

COLOURS OF FLOWERS 221-228

THE SCENTS OF THE GARDEN 229-240

THE WORSHIP OF FALSE GODS 241-248

NOVELTY AND VARIETY 249-255

WEEDS AND PESTS 256-262

THE BEDDING FASHION AND ITS INFLUENCE 263-270

MASTERS AND MEN 271-279

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FRONTISPIECE _face title_

A WILD JUNIPER _face page_ 19

SCOTCH FIRS THROWN ON TO FROZEN WATER BY SNOWSTORM " 27

OLD JUNIPER, SHOWING FORMER INJURIES " 29

JUNIPER, LATELY WRECKED BY SNOWSTORM " 29

GARDEN DOOR-WAY WREATHED WITH CLEMATIS GRAVEOLENS " 39

COTTAGE PORCH WREATHED WITH THE DOUBLE WHITE ROSE (_R. alba_) " 39

WILD HOP, ENTWINING WORMWOOD AND COW-PARSNIP " 43

DAFFODILS IN THE COPSE " 48

MAGNOLIA STELLATA " 50

DAFFODILS AMONG JUNIPERS WHERE GARDEN JOINS COPSE " 51

TIARELLA CORDIFOLIA " 53

HOLLYHOCK, PINK BEAUTY. (_See page 105_) " 53

TULIPA RETROFLEXA " 55

LATE SINGLE TULIPS, BREEDERS AND BYBLOEMEN " 55

TRILLIUM IN THE WILD GARDEN " 61

RHODODENDRONS WHERE THE COPSE AND GARDEN MEET " 65

GRASS WALKS THROUGH THE COPSE " 66

RHODODENDRONS AT THE EDGE OF THE COPSE " 68

SOUTH SIDE OF DOOR, WITH CLEMATIS MONTANA AND CHOISYA " 72

NORTH SIDE OF THE SAME DOOR, WITH CLEMATIS MONTANA AND GUELDER-ROSE " 72

FREE CLUSTER-ROSE AS STANDARD IN A COTTAGE GARDEN " 77

DOUBLE WHITE SCOTCH BRIAR " 81

PART OF A BUSH OF ROSA POLYANTHA " 82

GARLAND-ROSE SHOWING NATURAL WAY OF GROWTH " 82

LILAC MARIE LEGRAYE (_See page 23_) " 84

FLOWERING ELDER AND PATH FROM GARDEN TO COPSE " 84

CISTUS FLORENTINUS " 101

THE GREAT ASPHODEL " 101

LAVENDER HEDGE AND STEPS TO THE LOFT " 105

HOLLYHOCK, PINK BEAUTY " 105

SOLOMON'S SEAL IN SPRING, IN THE UPPER PART OF THE FERN-WALK " 107

THE FERN-WALK IN AUGUST " 107

JACK (_See page 79_) " 117

ERINUS ALPINUS, CLOTHING STEPS IN ROCK-WALL " 121

BORDERS OF MICHAELMAS DAISIES " 126

PENS FOR STORING DEAD LEAVES " 150

CAREFUL WILD-GARDENING--WHITE FOXGLOVES AT THE EDGE OF THE FIR WOOD. (_See page 270_) " 150

HOLLY STEMS IN AN OLD HEDGE-ROW " 153

GRUBBING A TREE-STUMP " 161

FELLING AND GRUBBING TOOLS (_See page 150_) " 161

HOOP-MAKING IN THE WOODS " 167

SHED-ROOF, THATCHED WITH HOOP-CHIP " 169

GARLAND-ROSE WREATHING THE END OF A TERRACE WALL " 178

A ROADSIDE COTTAGE GARDEN " 185

A FLOWER-BORDER IN JUNE " 200

PATHWAY ACROSS THE SOUTH BORDER IN JULY " 202

OUTSIDE VIEW OF THE BRICK PERGOLA SHOWN AT PAGE 214, AFTER SIX YEARS' GROWTH " 202

END OF FLOWER-BORDER AND ENTRANCE OF PERGOLA " 210

SOUTH BORDER DOOR AND YUCCAS IN AUGUST " 210

STONE-BUILT PERGOLA WITH WROUGHT OAK BEAMS " 214

PERGOLA WITH BRICK PIERS AND BEAMS OF ROUGH OAK " 214

EVENING IN THE PRIMROSE GARDEN " 217

TALL SNAPDRAGONS GROWING IN A DRY WALL " 251

MULLEINS GROWING IN THE FACE OF DRY WALL (_See "Old Wall," page 116_) " 251

GERANIUMS IN NEAPOLITAN POTS " 267

SPACE IN STEP AND TANK-GARDEN FOR LILIES, CANNAS, AND GERANIUMS " 268

HYDRANGEAS IN TUBS, IN A PART OF THE SAME GARDEN " 268

MULLEIN (VERBASCUM PHLOMOIDES) AT THE EDGE OF THE FIR WOOD " 270

A GRASS PATH IN THE COPSE " 270

There are already many and excellent books about gardening; but the love of a garden, already so deeply implanted in the English heart, is so rapidly growing, that no excuse is needed for putting forth another.

I lay no claim either to literary ability, or to botanical knowledge, or even to knowing the best practical methods of cultivation; but I have lived among outdoor flowers for many years, and have not spared myself in the way of actual labour, and have come to be on closely intimate and friendly terms with a great many growing things, and have acquired certain instincts which, though not clearly defined, are of the nature of useful knowledge.

But the lesson I have thoroughly learnt, and wish to pass on to others, is to know the enduring happiness that the love of a garden gives. I rejoice when I see any one, and especially children, inquiring about flowers, and wanting gardens of their own, and carefully working in them. For the love of gardening is a seed that once sown never dies, but always grows and grows to an enduring and ever-increasing source of happiness.

If in the following chapters I have laid special stress upon gardening for beautiful effect, it is because it is the way of gardening that I love best, and understand most of, and that seems to me capable of giving the greatest amount of pleasure. I am strongly for treating garden and wooded ground in a pictorial way, mainly with large effects, and in the second place with lesser beautiful incidents, and for so arranging plants and trees and grassy spaces that they look happy and at home, and make no parade of conscious effort. I try for beauty and harmony everywhere, and especially for harmony of colour. A garden so treated gives the delightful feeling of repose, and refreshment, and purest enjoyment of beauty, that seems to my understanding to be the best fulfilment of its purpose; while to the diligent worker its happiness is like the offering of a constant hymn of praise. For I hold that the best purpose of a garden is to give delight and to give refreshment of mind, to soothe, to refine, and to lift up the heart in a spirit of praise and thankfulness. It is certain that those who practise gardening in the best ways find it to be so.

But the scope of practical gardening covers a range of horticultural practice wide enough to give play to every variety of human taste. Some find their greatest pleasure in collecting as large a number as possible of all sorts of plants from all sources, others in collecting them themselves in their foreign homes, others in making rock-gardens, or ferneries, or peat-gardens, or bog-gardens, or gardens for conifers or for flowering shrubs, or special gardens of plants and trees with variegated or coloured leaves, or in the cultivation of some particular race or family of plants. Others may best like wide lawns with large trees, or wild gardening, or a quite formal garden, with trim hedge and walk, and terrace, and brilliant parterre, or a combination of several ways of gardening. And all are right and reasonable and enjoyable to their owners, and in some way or degree helpful to others.

The way that seems to me most desirable is again different, and I have made an attempt to describe it in some of its aspects. But I have learned much, and am always learning, from other people's gardens, and the lesson I have learned most thoroughly is, never to say "I know"--there is so infinitely much to learn, and the conditions of different gardens vary so greatly, even when soil and situation appear to be alike and they are in the same district. Nature is such a subtle chemist that one never knows what she is about, or what surprises she may have in store for us.

Often one sees in the gardening papers discussions about the treatment of some particular plant. One man writes to say it can only be done one way, another to say it can only be done quite some other way, and the discussion waxes hot and almost angry, and the puzzled reader, perhaps as yet young in gardening, cannot tell what to make of it. And yet the two writers are both able gardeners, and both absolutely trustworthy, only they should have said, "In my experience _in this place_ such a plant can only be done in such a way." Even plants of the same family will not do equally well in the same garden. Every practical gardener knows this in the case of strawberries and potatoes; he has to find out which kinds will do in his garden; the experience of his friend in the next county is probably of no use whatever.

I have learnt much from the little cottage gardens that help to make our English waysides the prettiest in the temperate world. One can hardly go into the smallest cottage garden without learning or observing something new. It may be some two plants growing beautifully together by some happy chance, or a pretty mixed tangle of creepers, or something that one always thought must have a south wall doing better on an east one. But eye and brain must be alert to receive the impression and studious to store it, to add to the hoard of experience. And it is important to train oneself to have a good flower-eye; to be able to see at a glance what flowers are good and which are unworthy, and why, and to keep an open mind about it; not to be swayed by the petty tyrannies of the "florist" or show judge; for, though some part of his judgment may be sound, he is himself a slave to rules, and must go by points which are defined arbitrarily and rigidly, and have reference mainly to the show-table, leaving out of account, as if unworthy of consideration, such matters as gardens and garden beauty, and human delight, and sunshine, and varying lights of morning and evening and noonday. But many, both nurserymen and private people, devote themselves to growing and improving the best classes of hardy flowers, and we can hardly offer them too much grateful praise, or do them too much honour. For what would our gardens be without the Roses, Pæonies, and Gladiolus of France, and the Tulips and Hyacinths of Holland, to say nothing of the hosts of good things raised by our home growers, and of the enterprise of the great firms whose agents are always searching the world for garden treasures?

Let no one be discouraged by the thought of how much there is to learn. Looking back upon nearly thirty years of gardening (the earlier part of it in groping ignorance with scant means of help), I can remember no part of it that was not full of pleasure and encouragement. For the first steps are steps into a delightful Unknown, the first successes are victories all the happier for being scarcely expected, and with the growing knowledge comes the widening outlook, and the comforting sense of an ever-increasing gain of critical appreciation. Each new step becomes a little surer, and each new grasp a little firmer, till, little by little, comes the power of intelligent combination, the nearest thing we can know to the mighty force of creation.

And a garden is a grand teacher. It teaches patience and careful watchfulness; it teaches industry and thrift; above all, it teaches entire trust. "Paul planteth and Apollos watereth, but God giveth the increase." The good gardener knows with absolute certainty that if he does his part, if he gives the labour, the love, and every aid that his knowledge of his craft, experience of the conditions of his place, and exercise of his personal wit can work together to suggest, that so surely as he does this diligently and faithfully, so surely will God give the increase. Then with the honestly-earned success comes the consciousness of encouragement to renewed effort, and, as it were, an echo of the gracious words, "Well done, good and faithful servant."

Beauty of woodland in winter -- The nut-walk -- Thinning the overgrowth -- A nut nursery -- _Iris stylosa_ -- Its culture -- Its home in Algeria -- Discovery of the white variety -- Flowers and branches for indoor decoration.

A hard frost is upon us. The thermometer registered eighteen degrees last night, and though there was only one frosty night next before it, the ground is hard frozen. Till now a press of other work has stood in the way of preparing protecting stuff for tender shrubs, but now I go up into the copse with a man and chopping tools to cut out some of the Scotch fir that are beginning to crowd each other.

How endlessly beautiful is woodland in winter! To-day there is a thin mist; just enough to make a background of tender blue mystery three hundred yards away, and to show any defect in the grouping of near trees. No day could be better for deciding which trees are to come down; there is not too much at a time within sight; just one good picture-full and no more. On a clear day the eye and mind are distracted by seeing away into too many planes, and it is much more difficult to decide what is desirable in the way of broad treatment of nearer objects.

The ground has a warm carpet of pale rusty fern; tree-stem and branch and twig show tender colour-harmonies of grey bark and silver-grey lichen, only varied by the warm feathery masses of birch spray. Now the splendid richness of the common holly is more than ever impressive, with its solid masses of full, deep colour, and its wholesome look of perfect health and vigour. Sombrely cheerful, if one may use such a mixture of terms; sombre by reason of the extreme depth of tone, and yet cheerful from the look of glad life, and from the assurance of warm shelter and protecting comfort to bird and beast and neighbouring vegetation. The picture is made complete by the slender shafts of the silver-barked birches, with their half-weeping heads of delicate, warm-coloured spray. Has any tree so graceful a way of throwing up its stems as the birch? They seem to leap and spring into the air, often leaning and curving upward from the very root, sometimes in forms that would be almost grotesque were it not for the never-failing rightness of free-swinging poise and perfect balance. The tints of the stem give a precious lesson in colour. The white of the bark is here silvery-white and there milk-white, and sometimes shows the faintest tinge of rosy flush. Where the bark has not yet peeled, the stem is clouded and banded with delicate grey, and with the silver-green of lichen. For about two feet upward from the ground, in the case of young trees of about seven to nine inches diameter, the bark is dark in colour, and lies in thick and extremely rugged upright ridges, contrasting strongly with the smooth white skin above. Where the two join, the smooth bark is parted in upright slashes, through which the dark, rough bark seems to swell up, reminding one forcibly of some of the old fifteenth-century German costumes, where a dark velvet is arranged to rise in crumpled folds through slashings in white satin. In the stems of older birches the rough bark rises much higher up the trunk and becomes clothed with delicate grey-green lichen.