Beach Rambles in Search of Seaside Pebbles and Crystals With Some Observations on the Origin of the Diamond and Other Precious Stones — Reading Companion

ASPECT OF A BEACH, AND ITS PROBABLE ORIGIN.—TRUE NATURE OF THE PEBBLES WHICH COMPOSE IT.

I know of few things more pleasant than to ramble for a mile along one of our southern beaches in the early days of autumn. We get the sniff of the sea-breeze; we see prismatic colours dappling the water, or curiously reflected from capes of wet sand; solemn, beetling cliffs, broken here and there by a green slope, rise on one side of us; while, on the other, we are enchanted by the wild music of the waves, as they dash noisily upon the shingle at our feet, and then trickle back with faint, lisping murmurs into the azure gulf.

Alpine scenery is majestic, and river-lit landscapes are delicious; but they seem as pictures of still life compared with the stir and resonance of the shore and the ocean. The breeze which bends the standing corn does not impart so much pleasure as that which dimples the bay at the foot of our rustic garden; the thunder-cloud resting on a mountain is not so impressive as that huge wall of inky blackness, which seems as if it would choke the very light and air while it gathers on the horizon, but will presently rend asunder and purify the overcharged atmosphere by launching a tempest upon the face of the deep.

There are few persons who, after spending one or two consecutive summers at Eastbourne, or in the Isle of Wight, can repress an ardent longing to visit similar scenes from time to time.

The sea-side stroll has, however, been accused of monotony. But this is either by really incompetent judges, or by inveterate sportsmen, to whom the neighbourhood of the ocean suggests nothing more apposite than a meet with harriers on the downs, or a raid upon puzzled rabbits in some outlying warren, with the aid of a keeper, ferrets, and “varmint” dogs. To such, even a brief sojourn on the simple-featured coast may, undoubtedly, prove wearisome; but the fault rests with themselves. For, all the while, others, who are better informed and more awake to what lies around them, will be cheerfully occupied in kindred pursuits at the foot of the cliff, or away on the beach, or far out, at low tide, among the weedy rocks and sand. Here they hunt the cockle and the razor-shell, collect bright algæ and marvellous zoophytes, or search for agates and fossils among the endless heaps of shingle.

The delicate actiniæ and the rarer sea-weeds cannot be obtained in winter; but the pebbles, which are intended to form the subject of this little book, may always be met with; and the changes induced by rough winds and surging tides, yield them in even greater abundance.

The pleasure of collecting pebbles has been greatly enhanced, to my mind, by considering how it is that we come to have pebbly beaches at all. Inevitable as these may appear to some people, they are quite a phenomenon in their way, and to the full as deserving our attention as the colony in a rabbit-warren.

Originally, the land alone possesses such materials; but it is the sea which finds them out; and these two facts, put side by side, have sometimes reminded me of the arbitrary allotment of the sexes in the old mythology. _Oceanus_ being an enterprising gentleman. _Terra_ (always feminine) is the quiescent lady, to whom he pays his court. She carries a prodigious number of these treasures in her flinty bosom; but it is only he, and his friends the rivers, who can get at them and draw them forth. In our English Channel, Ocean is as fond of doing this, and of fringing his waterline with a brown pebbly border, as other gentlemen are, now-a-days, of wearing, if possible, a beard like that of the Sophi. Nor is this surprising, when we remember that all creatures naturally desire something which they have not got. For the bottom of the sea itself is no beach at all, but chalk or sand, and sometimes hardened sandstone, with, I dare say, many precipitous pits and hollows, and many pointed crags. Here, gigantic fronds of the oar-weed wave to and fro among thousands of acres of dulse and bladderwrack; while porpoises and dog-fish dive, and limpets and mussels crawl, and arrowy lobsters shoot through the cerulean gloom, and (if Mr. Tennyson may be believed) mermen and mermaids play at hide-and-seek. Wonderful things there must be, if we could only spy them out; but I do not think many pebbles. Whereas, our mother Earth teems with these latter. There are jaspers in the conglomerate, and agates in the mountain rocks, and veins of porphyry and serpentine in the trap and basalt, and garnets and sapphires in the granite, and flint-nodules in the chalk, and quartz-crystals almost everywhere. Probably these exist, also, in many of the submarine strata; but unless a volcanic eruption should occur, there is no force in operation there to dislodge them. The bed of the ocean, and all depths of it below a hundred feet perpendicular,[2] as _divers_ well know, remain calm and still, even when a tempest is raging above. But on what we are pleased to call “terra firma,” the case is reversed. Solid as the ground appears, all is subject to elemental change and motion; and whenever the waves of the sea or the strong current of a river can plough some crumbling chine, or wear away the face of a cliff, down come the imbedded pebbles and crystals, and gradually form a _beach_ upon the margin of the ocean. And this beach is tossed up and down, and rolled to and fro, until most of the stones composing it have become as smooth as hazel-nuts.

The above may be rather a rough sketch of the source of a beach; but I believe it is correct in its leading features. In a subsequent chapter we may better note certain peculiarities which are more than meet the eye.

But what are the pebbles themselves?

Most persons have occasionally handled specimens of the precious stones or “gems;” but few of them, perhaps, are aware that our pebbles of the road-side and sea-shore claim a common origin with these dazzling crystals. Such is, however, the fact. Chemical analysis, availing itself of the blow-pipe, the solvent acids, and the voltaic battery, has succeeded in determining the base of every known gem. And the earths which furnish such bases are chiefly two—ALUMINA, or clay, and SILICA, or pure flint. From these, with an admixture of lime, and sometimes of iron, in small quantities, all the native gems are derived, with the exception of the diamond, whose base is CARBON.

Intensely hard as these substances are, and apparently not susceptible of change if left to themselves, they have probably passed through great chemical changes in the silent laboratory of Nature. For it is supposed that our operations in analysis, if carefully conducted, merely bring back their subjects, by a kind of _reversing_ process, to their several primitive bases.

Now it is evident that the commoner pebbles are derived from these same earths, of clay or flint, albeit in a debased condition. For there is nothing else of which they could be made: neither do they exhibit any properties foreign to those which such substances possess. Yet, how vast is the difference between an oriental gem and the brightest production of clay-pits or granite rocks. Not greater, however, than that between Damascus steel and coarse pig-iron; or, between French lawn and sail-cloth. And if Art can work such distinctions, why not Nature?

In fact, a perfect gem is a master-piece which chemistry and crystallization have combined to elaborate, and which man has ransacked the corners of the earth to obtain. The deep has been made to surrender its treasures to the diver or the sunken net: the rock has been blasted, and its inmost vein searched: the rushing river filtered, and its sand sifted: and the contents of the jeweller’s caskets are the result. Here may be seen diamonds from Golconda; and rubies from Samarcand and Pegu: sapphires, emeralds, and amethysts from Persia, Arabia, and Armenia: the topaz, blazing like fire, from the Indies or from the Ural: the turquoise, with its delicious blue, from Arabia and Palestine: the opal from Honduras: the blood-red garnet and amandine from Bohemia, Ceylon, and Greenland: the jacinth and the chrysoprase, the chrysolite and beryl, with pure pearls of globular form, all from the land of the rising sun, while a deep brown jasper, rayed with stripes and rings as black as jet, has travelled like a wandering palmer from sultry Egypt or the terrible desert of Sinai.

To form and perfect the finer crystals, extremes of heat or cold appear to be necessary: whereas our clime has perhaps always been temperate. Beside this, it is probable that the mother-earth is not found pure with us. There is a kind of white clay, called “kaolin,” obtained in one particular quarry near Meissen in Saxony, and met with nowhere else. From this clay the exquisite Dresden porcelain is baked, and this clay cannot be exactly imitated. A near approach to it has been made by mixing good potter’s clay with pounded chalcedony-flints; but still the _biscuit_ so produced is never equal to that from the “kaolin.” In like manner, we may suppose that the peculiar earth which exists in sapphires no longer occurs in our post-tertiary clay-beds.

Moreover, we know that there are many different clays occurring in our geological strata. We have the clays of the Lower Tertiary; the clay of the Wealden; and the Kimmeridge and Oxford clays, both of which belong to the Oolite. Also in these main divisions, sundry mineralogical varieties are comprised under a common name. But the great age of the granite formation renders it certain that from none of these clays could those sapphires have come (as to their _base_), which are born of the granite rock. Indeed, our existing beds of clay are more or less mingled with felspar, and felspar is one of the “silicates;” whereas the blue sapphire is pure alumina free from all admixture of silica.

However this may be, the great fields for gems are in India and the island of Ceylon, and in certain parts of the Russian dominions. No very valuable stones have as yet been obtained from Australia; although the vicinity of gold-mines has always been held to be prolific in at least one kind: the “mother of ruby” being a roseate substance embedded in the rock, and generally met with alongside of a vein of gold. The topazes are not equal to those from Saxony.

As to our own sea-girt Isle, it is surely as guiltless of indigenous gems, as of white elephants or birds of paradise. Had any such existed with us, they must long ere this have been brought to light and appeared in the market. We have bored the plain to two hundred fathoms’ depth: we have pierced the hillside in tunnels which extend for miles: geologists and antiquarians have delved and hammered and sifted: many curious fossils have turned up, and a world’s wealth in minerals, but never anything like a diamond or an oriental sapphire.

It is well that, to console us under such apparent poverty as to the gems, we possess the treasure an hundred-fold in other shapes, though derived from the same sources. Clay gives us no sapphires; but it floors our ponds and canals, furnishes our earthenware, and yields the bricks which have built the ribs of London. Carbon refuses to flash upon us in the rays of an indigenous “brilliant,” but it feeds our furnaces, propels our steamers and locomotives, and cheers a million of household hearths under the well-known form of Coal. And Iron is our national sceptre: it reddens here no jacinth or ruby; but it supplies us with spades and ploughshares, lays down thousands of miles of railway, and has made England the forge and workshop of the known world for giant engines and massive machinery.

If our wealth be less dazzling than that from Golconda or Peru, it is, we may hope, more durable; flowing to us through a healthier channel, by the honest labour and steady perseverance of the sons of the soil.

This is somewhat of a digression from the subject of Sea-side pebbles. But then, as was said, the magnificent crystals are their near kindred; and in society the custom is to bring in any great connections we may have, on the first fair opportunity: that once done, our _respectability_ is supposed to be established.

[2] On the banks of Newfoundland, and to the south of the Cape of Good Hope, extraordinary exceptions occur to this rule; the sea being there agitated to a vast depth, perhaps as much as five hundred feet. But this is probably connected with the current of the great gulf-stream.

THE LAPIDARY’S BOARD; AND HIS WORKSHOP.

In some of our provincial towns along the coast, the open door and cheerful bow-window of the lapidary, generally situated in the best street, form a _coup d’œil_ which can hardly fail of enticing a visitor to look in once during his morning walk.

If he should do this, he will probably become aware, by a certain whirring sound, that there is an inner room which serves for a workshop. This latter I have always been partial to: but as the contents of the show-room are the most attractive, I will speak of them first, reserving to the end of the chapter a description of the lapidary’s wheel and other implements of his trade.

Let us suppose that we are in the pretty town of Sidmouth in South Devon. Somebody wishes for a jet bead to replace one missing from a bracelet, and we sally forth in quest of a jeweller’s shop, but come first upon that of his cousin the lapidary, which may probably do as well. Entering the doorway, a gigantic “snakestone” from Whitby, flanks the threshold on one side; and on the other a lump of iron ore, of some two hundred weight, keeps company with a quartz agate of equally cyclopean dimensions. These are striking objects: and instinctively we pause for a moment and consider whence they came. One of them has been washed out of the ribs of the conglomerate: another, after being dug from the bowels of the earth, was sent aloft by the miners as lumber: the third, once the shell of a living ammonite, must have lain for thousands of years in its cemetery of limestone rock, and was only disinterred when some northern contractor, reckless probably of fossil remains, but wide-awake to the actualities of his own generation, was excavating for a railway tunnel. Inland productions these, for the most part. But the threshold is only introductory: pass a few steps onward, and we shall handle substances which are as strictly marine as “crassicornis” or tangle.

The interior of the shop is fitted up with a massive semicircular dresser of elm or maple, some four feet in height, and perhaps half as many in width. This is heaped with specimens culled from various beaches, and several convenient shelves are similarly adorned; the polished stones lying in open trays, but set at an angle so as best to reflect the light. The eyeless head of a Saurian, a creature belonging to an extinct race, is suspended from the ceiling; and a stuffed cormorant, a well-known sea-bird of our own day, mounted on a rude tripod of fir-bough, fills the only spare niche in the apartment. But there is no study or affectation in all this: it is as genuine as the tent of shipwrecked Crusoe. The lapidary has from the first felt himself at home with Nature, and has found room for many of her devices and eccentricities, which he could not now bear to turn out of doors. Neither are we inclined to quarrel with him about his arrangements, though his shop exhibits nothing which will remind us of a frontage in Pall Mall or Bond Street. Moreover, when we look a little closer, he is not such a mere dreamer after all. Commerce has not been forgotten, nor is a certain kind of elegance lacking. Those well-washed panes of crown-glass are decorated with wisps of dried sea-weed more delicate than ostrich-feathers, and which serve the purpose of a hygrometer. And, interspersed with these, are sundry nuggets of amber, bones of the cuttle-fish for your pounce-box, and a string of veritable jet-beads: from which latter we at once select our purchase.

But we are now standing before the central counter, and our attention is drawn to the curious and beautiful fossils which lie upon it. We take up one to which the late Dr. Mantell kindly gave the name of a “choanite.” In doing this, he not only adopted a foundling, but conferred endless benefit upon the lapidaries. Nothing will sell in this country without _a name_: the appellation chosen by the Doctor was judged suitable, and a large and increasing sale of the fossil has followed upon it. This one is of a portly size; and the lapidary, after slicing it in two, has polished one of the flat surfaces. The internal structure revealed by this section is not unlike the corolla of a daisy, and at once reminds us of the living zoophyte called “actinia bellis.” _Choanite_ means “funnel-body:” and the creature which lies here petrified must, when alive, have been globular or pyriform, with many tubular arms branching out from one central trunk.

The petrifaction has been faithful to its prototype: the several tubes being now charged with limestone, and the space between them, once a gelatinous substance, still retaining that appearance in a medium of semi-pellucid chalcedony.

By the side of the choanite is another fossil, which we now call an “alcyonite:” the learned name of the nearest living species being “alcyonium digitatum.” It is known in the Isle of Wight as “deadman’s fingers.” Despite the above unpleasing nickname, this is a most beautiful fossil. Its outer form resembles that of a branching ice-plant: while a polished section of one of the stems shows filaments all lying in the direction of the axis, and exhibiting in their cut ends an effect not unlike that of the granulations in a slice from a fresh cucumber. When the pith, as sometimes happens, is particoloured, I do not know a more desirable stone for the cabinet.

Fine specimens of this are now very scarce.

Another of these alcyonites has been polished all round, instead of dividing it: and the pebble being translucent, one can almost count the fibres or tubes disposed lengthwise.

Then we have a zoophyte, not _injected_ as are the choanites, but preserved bodily, in delicate gray flint. It is an undoubted “actinia:” in every respect the same with those pulpy individuals who are displaying their jelly-like bodies and floral hues in many a household aquarium. This creature once floated up and down in shallow marine pools, or clung to banks of ribbon-weed fringing the coast-skerries. At present, himself of stone, he is firmly wedged in a hollow within a large pebble, and reminds us of the words of a pretty song:—

“I dreamt I dwelt in marble halls.”

Several silicified sponges may next be examined. These are not exactly beautiful, but they are curiously intricate; the once elastic tubes having stiffened into “silex” of a light brown colour, and a horizontal section displaying their fine reticulations.

A step further, and what is that handsome stone? It is a block of Devonian jasper: scarcely so hard as the Egyptian, but more attractive, owing to the richness of its hues. It is striated with veins of agate, and here and there “shot” with a dark metallic “moss” of the colour of bloodstone. As a set off to this, the lapidary has arranged with true taste some quaint pieces of conglomerate, in which the nodules of chalcedony or crystals of quartz have taken a high polish, and are agreeably relieved by streaks of red jasper and blotches of yellow limestone.

Another part of the board exhibits a score of the well-known “echini,” which children call “sea-eggs.” These embrace two varieties, “spatangus” and “cor anguinum;” or, in the vernacular dialect, “fairy-loaves” and “fairy-hearts.” A third form of the Spatangus kind, but with a pointed cusp, is called “Galerites albogalerus.” A few are chalcedonized: in others, a bright spar has filled up the interior of the hollow conical shell.